Why Does Hamlet Delay His Revenge Essay - 742 Words

`Hamlet is no doubt one of the greatest literary works ever written. William Shakespeare presents in it complexity of human nature and examination of human behavior. After reading this drama one of the main questions we have to ask is ` Why does Hamlet delay?. Why does he wait so long before taking revenge on Claudius for killing his father? While answering the question about postponement we have to take under consideration few aspects. First of all let us start with probably one of the most popular theory, which is mental weakness and lack of physical strength. Hamlet as a student of art has an artistic soul. That means, he is very sensitive and lost in emotions person, who does not know what to do: Yet I, a dull†¦show more content†¦But weak character is not only reason of Hamlets behavior. At the beginning, the prince is not sure whether his uncle is guilty or not. After arranging the play and seeing Claudius reaction, the prince is absolutely convinced of his guilt. It is reasonable to think that, after he makes sure, he will start acting, nevertheless he runs into another obstacle. Let us no focus on royal position and family relations. The king stands on top level of power, and if Hamlet had killed Claudius, he would have been punished. Different situation is with manslaughter of Polonius. The prince murders him, however he bears no responsibility for it.. The explanation is simple: Polonius has lower social position than Hamlet. Another important fact is family bond. Although Claudius is a murderer, he still belongs to Hamlets family; what is more, after marrying Gertrude, he becomes princes stepfather. In this case Hamlet considers not only killing a man, but a man from his own family. This makes him even more confused and uncertain of his deeds. Fear of societys reaction and reaction of his own mother has also influence on princes actions. Next dilemma is a consequence of royal position. As a king, Claudius is accompanied by subordinates almost all the time, hence it would be hard for Hamlet to kill him without any witnesses. Many people argue with this theory, for the reason that the prince had ideal situation to kill ClaudiusShow MoreRelatedWhy Did Hamlet Delay Killing the King?892 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet is one of Shakespeare’s many tragedies. Common themes in these works by Shakespeare are murder and deceit. Hamlet is full of each. The protagonist of the play, Prince Hamlet, is a young man whose father was murdered two months before the beginning of the story. Early on in the play Hamlet is approached by the ghost of his father. He explains to Hamlet that his brother, Claudius, murdered him. Before he returns to purgatory, he asks that Hamlet take revenge on Claudius, who, since the murderRead MoreHamlet and the Issue of Revenge in William Shakespeares Play1520 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet an d the Issue of Revenge in William Shakespeares Play The question of why Hamlet does not immediately avenge his fathers death is perhaps one of the most perplexing problems faced by an audience. Each generation of viewers has come up with its own explanation, and it has now become the most widely known critical problem in Shakespearean studies. A rather simplistic, yet valid standpoint to take on this problem is that it was essential to the tragedys narrativeRead More Revenge In Hamlet Essay1109 Words   |  5 Pages Hamlet nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hamlet is a classic example of a tragedy as Hamlet suffers while trying to avenge his fathers death and eventually dies at the end while attempting to do so. Hamlet feels empty without resolution to his fatheramp;#8217;s death and since there is no justice system that is going to reveal the truth about his fatheramp;#8217;s death, he must take it into his own hands. Hamlet delays killing Claudius for a long time after the ghost appears. Hamlet delays his revengeRead MoreEssay about Hamlets Hesistation to Kill Claudius1510 Words   |  7 Pagesaction, which seems to be the most important? Critics have attempted to explain Hamlet’s delay in avenging his father for centuries and the most relevant scene to illustrate Hamlet’s hesitation is in Act Three when Hamlet has the opportunity to kill Claudius but doesn’t. Hamlet says at the time that he does â€Å"this same villain send To heaven.† It could be said that Hamlet is deliberately delaying his revenge for fear of actually committing it. However, religion was a focal part of people’s livesRead MoreHamlet Good vs Evil Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pagesof Denmark† -William Shakespeare Good VS. Evil Why Does Hamlet delay so long in achieving his revenge- what is really stopping him? There is an inner battle inside Hamlet that no one knows about, good versus evil, stuck between both worlds. Hamlet is the only one who can decided which world to want to be apart of. Hamlet, the story, reveals that the individual can only find meaning by looking inward and living according to his or her own beliefs and including values. Being and thinkingRead More The Reluctance of Hamlet toward Killing Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesThe Reluctance of Hamlet toward Killing in William Shakespeares Hamlet The reluctant character Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, has become one of the most cited characters in history. Throughout Shakespeares play Hamlet knows what he must do, but avoids it in his mind. The problem is: why does hamlet delay in avenging his fathers death? Hamlet is afraid. He is afraid of failure. Hamlet tries to play off his fear by blaming outside circumstances, like doubting the existence of the ghost whenRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1474 Words   |  6 PagesBibliography There are no sources in the current document. Hamed Alanazi English 230 Dec 4, 2015 Hamlet Hamlet, a play written by William Shakespeare is very close to the dramatic conventions of the revenge in Elizabeth era. All the revenge conventions are used in Hamlet which made it a typical revenge play. Hamlet is one of those Elizabethan heroes considered themselves seriously mistreated by an influential figure with having a desire to avenge the crime against their family. Shakespeare learnedRead MoreEssay about Hamlet 11844 Words   |  4 Pages Why does Hamlet delay taking action against Claudius? This is a question that everyone want to know. We all know that Hamlet want to kill his Uncle Claudius as soon as possible. But why does he wait so long to sweep to his revenge? I believe that there are more than one reason why Hamlet delays before he takes action. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One reason why Hamlet delays to take action against Claudius is because he does not just want to kill him, but he wants to damn his spirit. He hatesRead MoreHamlet Acts Morally, Harms Others by his Actions, and Realizes his Tragic Limits1020 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet is Shakespeare’s most famous work of tragedy. Throughout the play the title character, Hamlet, tends to seek revenge for his father’s death. Shakespeare achieved his work in Hamlet through his brilliant depiction of the hero’s struggle with two opposing forces that hunt Hamlet throughout the play: moral integrity and the need to avenge his father’s murder. When Hamlet sets his mind to revenge his fathers’ death, he is faced with many challenges that delay him from committing murder to hisRead More Why Hamlet Delayed Avenging His Fathers Murder Essay example792 Words   |  4 PagesWhy Hamlet Delayed Avenging His Fathers Murder In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the main character continually delays acting out his duty of avenging his father’s murder. This essay will discuss how Hamlet’s nature and morals (which are intensified by difficult events) prevent him from carrying out the task. In the opening scenes of the play, the Ghost of Hamlet’s late father reveals to him the true means by which King Hamlet died. The Ghost tells Hamlet that his father’s death was caused by Claudius

I Have A Good Idea Of My Stress - 1179 Words

When it comes to wellness issues, I have always struggled the most with stress. I have always been more prone to become stressed, due to my anxiety. Therefore, stress is a big obstacle in my life, and it is something that I need to find a way to deal with, especially now that I have begun to attend college. Because I have dealt with anxiety before, I have a good idea of my stress level. My stress levels can become very high, and as a result, I have several ways of dealing with stress. As a result, I am familiar with some of the techniques mentioned in the textbook. For example, exercising has always been an effective stress technique for me. As mentioned in the textbook, performing exercises such as running and walking on a regular basis has been an effective way for me to reduce stress. However, the textbook has also introduced me to new techniques to help manage my stress, as well as ways to improve techniques I already use. One of these new techniques is eating healthy. Prior to reading the text, I never considered that my eating habits would affect my stress levels. However, after reading through the text, I can definitely see how my eating habits and stress levels affect each other. After evaluating my eating habits, I noticed that I do not eat healthy when I am stressed. When I become stressed or have an important event coming up, such having a test or a paper due, I tend to skip meals like breakfast and lunch, and instead eat smaller snacks of foods such as candyShow MoreRelatedThe Stress Self Assessment Focused On My Stressors Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesThe Nature of Stress self-assessment focused on my stressors. I learned that most of my stressors were chronic; mainly dealing with school and socializing. The stressors were categorized as mental and spiritual, although I did notice missing family and friends could fall under spiritual and emotional. Another thing I learned was most of my stressors were caused from my move to Bismarck. For example, living far from home, new job, and not having close friendships. This form of assessment didn’t workRead MoreA Student s Performance Has Always Been A Concern Of Mine987 Words   |  4 Pagesreason when I feel that I’m under the pressure of performing, and that’s my performance is going to be â€Å"judged† by others, I start to stress. Let’s take for example two cases of two different people. X and Y. X is an athlete and Y is a student, and both of them are on a scholarship, and they need to maintain a good academic average. If X gets yelled at by his coach for bad performance, or even benched from for bad attitude, X would think that the coach is intentionally causing him stress. Same appliesRead MoreIs Education An Agent Of Socialization? Essay1607 Words   |  7 PagesIntro: Because education plays an important role in one’s development, I believe it necessary to critically analyze its role on negative teenage mentality. 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Through the evaluation of my stress self-assessment and the course readings, it has become abundantl y evident that stress impacts the body, is affected by motivation and emotions, and by understanding the psychologyRead MoreLeadership Is A Key Factor Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pagesof a superior to influence the behaviour of subordinates and persuade them to follow a particular course of action (Barnard, 1938)Effective leadership is a key factor in the life and success of an organisation. There are many theories of leadership have been proposed like Great man theory, trait theory , The managerial grid and Theory X and Theory Y as it’s a part of behaviour theory and Participative theory. There are many traits and skill of person which makes normal person to leader. There areRead MoreNotes On Time Management And Stress984 Words   |  4 PagesTime management and stress are directly correlated to an extent. Based on what I have read and experienced, lacking the ability to manage time will result in higher levels of stress. According to Nonis, Hudson, Logan, and Ford (1998), à ¢â‚¬Å"[Having] perceived control of time [can be] a stress-coping strategy with particular emphasis on three key student outcomes: academic performance, problem-solving ability, and heath† (588-589). In other words, having the perception that you manage your time well, willRead MoreApplying A Stress Management Schedule1529 Words   |  7 Pagesmanaging stress, I decided to implement a stress management schedule, which I would continually develop, over the course of 11 weeks. With a focus on yoga, I hoped to gain an important insight on the valuable implications that proper stress management can have in my life. Improving my physical and emotional health can not only positively affect my own self, but also can positively affect the way I manage my own work life and relationships with others. 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Public Key Cryptography Free Essays

string(201) " might encrypt a piece of information using the site’s public key and ask the web server to decrypt it, thereby demonstrating that the server has the right private key, and proving its identity\." Abstract- Public-key cryptography is a key technology for e-commerce, intranets, extranets and other web-enabled applications. However, to garner the benefits of public-key cryptography, a supporting infrastructure is needed. The Microsoft ® Windows ® 2000 operating system includes a native public-key infrastructure (PKI) that is designed from the ground up to take full advantage of the Windows 2000 security architecture. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Key Cryptography or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper describes the fundamentals of public-key security systems, including what benefits they offer and what components are required to implement them. It also describes how the Windows 2000 PKI components deliver the needed services while providing interoperability, security, flexibility, and ease of use. I. Overview Public-key cryptography offers significant security benefits when it’s properly implemented. Like other enabling technologies, public-key cryptography requires an infrastructure to deliver its benefits. However, the public-key infrastructure, or PKI, isn’t a physical object or software process; instead, it’s a set of useful services provided by a collection of interconnected components These components work together to provide public-key-based security services to applications and users. This white paper has two goals: to explain public-key technology and its uses, and to describe the features and benefits provided by the native PKI in the Microsoft ® Windows ® 2000 operating system. Understanding both of these topics will help you to decide where you can use PKI technology to improve your business processes and increase your ability to securely handle transactions with others. In this paper, you’ll learn what a public key infrastructure is, what desirable benefits it can offer your operations, and how the Windows 2000 PKI delivers interoperability, security, flexibility, and ease of use. II. History During the early history of cryptography, two parties would agree upon a key using a secure, but non-cryptographic, method; for example, a face-to-face meeting or an exchange via a trusted courier. This key, which both parties kept absolutely secret, could then be used to exchange encrypted messages. A number of significant practical difficulties arise in this approach to distributing keys. Public-key cryptography addresses these drawbacks so that users can communicate securely over a public channel without having to agree upon a shared key beforehand. In 1874, a book by William Stanley Jevons[1] described the relationship of one-way functions to cryptography and went on to discuss specifically the factorization problem used to create the trapdoor function in theRSA system. Since the 1970s, a large number and variety of encryption, digital signature, key agreement, and other techniques have been developed in the field of public-key cryptography. The ElGamal cryptosystem (invented by Taher ElGamal) relies on the (similar, and related) difficulty of the discrete logarithm problem, as does the closely related DSA developed at the US National Security Agency (NSA) and published by NIST as a proposed standard. The introduction of elliptic curve cryptography by Neal Koblitz and Victor Miller independently and simultaneously in the mid-1980s has yielded new public-key algorithms based on the discrete logarithm problem. Although mathematically more complex, elliptic curves provide smaller key sizes and faster operations for equivalent estimated security. III. What is public key cryptography? When most people hear the words encrypt or cryptography, they immediately think of secret-key cryptography, wherein two parties share a single secret key that’s used both to encrypt and decrypt data. Loss or compromise of the secret key makes the data it encrypts vulnerable. By contrast, public-key systems use two keys: a public key, designed to be shared, and a private key, which must be closely held. These keys are complementary: if you encrypt something with the public key, it can only be decrypted with the corresponding private key, and vice versa. Public-key systems depend on the mathematical relationship between the public and private keys. It’s not feasible to derive one from the other. There are two fundamental operations associated with public key cryptography: encryption and signing. The goal of encryption is to obscure data in such a way that it can only be read by the intended party. In public-key cryptography, if Bob wants to send Alice some private data, he uses her public key to encrypt it, then sends it to her. Upon receiving the encrypted data, Alice uses her private key to decrypt it. The important concept here is that Alice can freely distribute her public key in order to allow anyone in the world to encrypt data that only she can decrypt. If Bob and Chuck both have copies of her public key, and Chuck intercepts an encrypted message from Bob to Alice, he will not be able to decrypt it; only Alice’s private key can do that, and she is the only person who holds it. These two operations can be used to provide three capabilities A Privacy Privacy is a necessity for businesses of all kinds, but it’s of vital importance for ones that use the Internet. The Internet allows anyone in the world to communicate with anyone else, but it doesn’t provide security. Even within your company’s internal network, if someone can gain physical access to your network media, they can eavesdrop on any data that traverses it. Public-key cryptography provides privacy via data encryption, whether the data is in the form of e-mail messages, credit card numbers sent over the Internet, or network traffic. Because public keys can be posted freely, complete strangers can establish private communications simply by retrieving each other’s public keys and encrypting the data. B. Authentication Any transaction involves two parties, whether they’re a client and a server or a customer and a vendor. For many transactions, it’s desirable for one or both sides to be able to authenticate, or verify the identity of, the other. For instance, before a customer provides their credit card number to an e-commerce web site, they will want to know that they are not talking to an imposter. One way that a customer can do this is by making the web site prove that it holds the right private key. For example, a web browser might encrypt a piece of information using the site’s public key and ask the web server to decrypt it, thereby demonstrating that the server has the right private key, and proving its identity. You read "Public Key Cryptography" in category "Papers" Authentication can also take the form of assuring your customers that you produced a particular piece of data and that it has not been tampered with. Public-key cryptography enables you to do this by means of a digital signature, a concept which is an extension of the public-key signing operation discussed above. If Bob wants to digitally sign his company’s annual report, he first generates a unique fingerprint of the report using an algorithm called a hash algorithm. Hash algorithms are specially designed to guarantee that even a single changed byte in the document will generate a completely different hash. Next, he encrypts the report and the hash using his private key. Alice (or anyone else) can verify the origin and authenticity of the signed report by first decrypting it using Bob’s public key, then calculating her own version of the fingerprint and comparing it to the fingerprint she received. If the two match, it proves two things: that the report has not been tampered with, and it came from Bob. C. Non-repudiation Businesses require the ability to enter into binding agreements, whether in the physical world or on the Internet. Suppliers and buyers need the assurance that if they enter into an agreement, the other party will not be able to repudiate the agreement at some later point. Digital signatures on electronic purchase orders, contracts, and other agreements are legally binding in several countries and in many U. S. states, and legal acceptance is rapidly growing. D. infrastructure Manage keys: a PKI makes it easy to issue new keys, review or revoke existing keys, and manage the trust level attached to keys from different issuers. Publish keys: a PKI offers a well-defined way for clients to locate and retrieve public keys and information about whether a specific key is valid or not. Without the ability to retrieve keys and know that they are valid, your users can’t make use of public key services. Use keys: a PKI provides an easy-to-use way for users to use keys—not just by moving keys around where they’re needed, but also by providing easy-to-use applications that perform public-key cryptographic operations, making it possible to provide security for e-mail, e-commerce, and networks. E. A capability,not a thing A common misperception is that a PKI is a thing. In fact, it’s a capability—the capability to easily publish, manage, and use public keys. Think of a PKI like a municipal water system. A water system is made up of purification plants, storage towers, pumps, water mains, and so on, as well as the pipes and faucets in your house. All of the disparate service-providing objects work together to provide a capability for users to obtain water on demand. In a similar way, a PKI consists of a group of discrete components that work together to allow you to use public keys, and public-key cryptography, seamlessly and transparently. The best place to implement a PKI is in the operating system. Operating systems already provide a number of other infrastructures, like the printing infrastructure that moves documents to printers and the file service infrastructure that retrieves files from shared storage. In both cases, the operating system provides a capability to transparently and easily use a network service, just as a PKI does. F. Digital certificates:packaging for public key So far, this paper has mentioned public keys when talking about the objects that a PKI uses. While public keys are required for PKI-based security, they’re usually packaged as digital certificates. (It’s important to stress that only public keys are packaged into certificates. The private key is never shared, so it doesn’t require packaging—it’s simply stored securely). The certificate contains the public key and a set of attributes, like the key holder’s name. These attributes may be related to the holder’s identity, what they’re allowed to do, or under what conditions the certificate is valid. The binding between attributes and the public key is present because the certificate is digitally signed by the entity that issued it; the issuer’s signature on the certificate vouches for its authenticity and correctness. For a real-world analogy, look in your wallet. If you have a drivers’ license, you have the equivalent of a digital certificate. Your license contains a unique key (your license number) and some attributes (an expiration date, your name, address, hair color, and so on). It’s issued by a trusted agency and laminated to prevent it from being tampered with. Anyone who trusts the agency that issued your license and verifies that the lamination is intact can rely on its authenticity. At that point, though, the analogy breaks down—in the real world, only the government can issue a driver’s license, so everyone knows that a license issued by Joe’s Really Good DMV isn’t valid. How do you make the same determination with a digital certificate? The answer lies in the concept of a certificate hierarchy. In a hierarchy, as shown in Figure 1, each issuer, or certificate authority, signs (using its own private key) the certificates it issues. The public half of the CA’s keypair is itself packaged in a certificate—one that was issued by a higher-level CA. This pattern can continue through as many levels as desired, with each CA certifying the authenticity of the certificates it has issued. Eventually, though, there must be a top-level CA, called a root certificate authority. Since there’s nobody above the root CA in the hierarchy, there’s nobody to vouch for the authenticity and origin of its certificate. Instead, the root CA signs its own certificate—it simply asserts that it is the root. Figure 1: What a certificate hierarchy looks like Clearly, it’s not secure to accept a root CA’s assertion of its own identity. To verify a root CA’s certificate, a trusted copy of its public key is obtained via an out-of-band method-—that is, it’s delivered by a third party instead of over the network—and the key is used to verify that the root certificate is bona fide. Microsoft provides the public keys for many popular root CAs in PK-enabled products like Internet Explorer, allowing users to verify those roots transparently. Root CAs can also provide copies of their public keys for downloading from public web sites. Once the root key has been delivered via an out-of-band means, the user can verify the root certificate, and hence the entire certificate chain. Even better, because each certificate’s digital signature protects it from tampering, certificate chains can be freely passed over insecure media like the Internet. G. Public key enabled application Once your PKI can issue, publish, and control certificates, the next step is to deploy applications that can use them. A well-written application that is tightly integrated with the rest of the PKI can make the use of public-key cryptography all but transparent to the user. The user should not need to know how cryptography works, where certificates are stored, or any of the other details—they should simply indicate what they want done, and leave it to the applications and the PKI to make it happen. Applications can use digital certificates to deliver the benefits of public-key cryptography, and they can combine cryptographic functions like signing and encryption to make possible e-commerce, secure network access, or other desirable services. All Microsoft applications that use public-key cryptography are natively public-key enabled. For example, the Microsoft Outlook ® messaging and collaboration client offers built-in signing and encryption support, combined with the ability to use certificate publishers and root certificates from a number of sources. Internet Explorer, Microsoft Money, and Internet Information Server provide the ability to set up encrypted web sessions. PKI-enabled applications can build on industry-standard protocols to speed development and allow easy interoperability with other organizations, too. H. Hardware support The increasing market demand for PKI implementations has spurred hardware vendors to develop cryptographic hardware, including smart cards, PC cards, and PCI cards that offer onboard cryptographic processing. These hardware devices offer a wide range of capabilities. On the low end, smartcards offer limited cryptographic processing combined with secure key storage; on the high end, multiprocessor crypto-accelerators allow high-volume web services to secure data without suffering from bottlenecks caused by software cryptographic modules. The best thing about PKI hardware devices is that they’re optional—if your application requires additional performance or security, you can add hardware to provide it as necessary, but you can still build a completely functional PKI in software. I. Models The standalone CA model The standalone CA model (see Figure 2) is probably familiar to you if you’ve used SSL-protected web sites. In the standalone model, some third-party entity holds the root key and certificate for your organization, and it issues and revokes all certificates for your users. This third party might be a commercial CA like VeriSign, Thawte, Belsign, or GTE Cybertrust; it could also be a bank, a law firm, a trade association, or any other organization that you trust to issue certificates on your behalf. Figure 2: The standalone CA model This model allows trust both within and outside your organization, so you can exchange secure e-mail and e-commerce transactions with outsiders. Standalone CAs also free you from the complexities of issuing, revoking, and tracking certificates. However, it requires you to trust some outside entity with your certificate management, and many third-party CAs levy an individual charge for each issued certificate. The enterprise CA model In this model (see Figure 3), your enterprise acts as its own CA, issuing and revoking certificates subject to your business requirements. Because no outsourcing provider is involved, your organization maintains complete control over its PKI. In addition to that control, though, you can guarantee that no one outside the enterprise can obtain a certificate unless you issue it to them. This model works well for controlling access to internal resources, or for generating certificates whose attributes would be meaningless to an outside entity. For example, you could issue certificates to managers that would allow them to make electronic travel reservations through the company travel office. Figure 3: The enterprise CA model Enterprise CAs with subordinates You can expand the flexibility of the enterprise CA model by adding subordinate CAs for individual departments, business units, or subdivisions of the organization. Most organizations already delegate some amount of administrative control to their subunits. For example, individual managers at most companies have some level of purchasing authority; higher-ranking managers can write bigger checks. Even though there’s a centralized purchasing department that does much of the enterprise-wide buying, individual units still have the ability to perform day-to-day purchasing tasks. Choose your trust model If the choice of a CA model is the most important one you face when implementing a PKI, choosing a trust model comes in a very close second. When you trust a root, you’re making an implicit statement that you trust them to be careful about who they issue certificates to. In this case, careful isn’t quite the right word; what you’re really saying is that you trust them to follow their prescribed policies and procedures to verify the identity of a certificate holder when they issue the certificate. When you choose to trust a root certificate, you’re also choosing to trust certificates signed by that root. Depending on the CA model you use, the practical impact of this choice could be large (as when you choose to trust a large, widely used commercial root CA) or small (like deciding to trust your own accounting department). Normally these decisions are made for the enterprise as a whole; however, the Windows 2000 PKI allows individual users (or their administrators) to make their own trust decisions. In addition, administrators may override or augment user trust decisions with group policies. You also have to choose what you trust certificates to be used for. The X. 509 v3 certificate standard allows you to specify whether certificates can be used for signing, encryption, or both. For example, you might want to give everyone signature certificates but restrict the use of encryption-capable certificates to certain departments or individuals. Microsoft has extended this feature to allow you to specify additional uses, including signing software components, logging on using a smart card, or recovering an encrypted file. When using the Windows 2000 PKI, the issuer has total control over what the certificate can be used for. IV Conclusion Public key cryptography offers critical business advantages, including the ability to conduct e-commerce and normal business operations with increased privacy, security, and assurance. To deliver these benefits, a public-key infrastructure is necessary that makes it easy to manage, publish and use public keys. Windows 2000 offers a PKI that is completely integrated with the operating system and provides flexible, secure, interoperable services that are easy to use, easy to deploy, and easy to manage. References N. Ferguson; B. Schneier (2003). Practical Cryptography. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-22357-3. J. Katz; Y. Lindell (2007). Introduction to Modern Cryptography. CRC Press. ISBN 1-58488-551-3. J. Menezes; P. C. van Oorschot; S. A. Vanstone (1997). Handbook of Applied Cryptography. ISBN 0-8493-8523-7. IEEE 1363: Standard Specifications for Public-Key Cryptography Single Sign-On Technology for SAP Enterprises: What does SAP have to say? [1] ^ Ed Gerck, Overview of Certification Systems: x. 509, CA, PGP and SKIP, in The Black Hat Briefings ’99, http://www. securitytechnet. com/resource/rsc-center/presentation/black/vegas99/certover. pdf andhttp://mcwg. org/mcg-mirror/cert. htm ^ Stephen Wilson, Dec 2005, â€Å"The importance of PKI today†, China Communications, Retrieved on 2010-12-13 ^ Mark Gasson, Martin Meints, Kevin Warwick (2005), D3. 2: A study on PKI and biometrics, FIDIS deliverable (3)2, July 2005 How to cite Public Key Cryptography, Papers

Making Chalk using Eggshells free essay sample

The chalk is a white porous sedimentary rock, a form of sedimentary rock composed of mineral calcite. It forms under reasonably deep marine conditions from the gradual accumulation of minute calcite plates shed belonging to the division of haptophytes. They function as a special calcium carbonate. In this investigatory project, we study the effectiveness of eggshells as an alternative ingredient in chalk production. The study is very efficient in these days because many people are in need of chalk. The components of chalk are so complex that it has the capacity to make other things beside chalk itself. We also noticed that the students and teachers consume many pieces of it, which is very expensive. So, we decided to make a chalk out of eggshells which is very affordable and can give an equal quality in the chalks that we buy in stores. 1 B. Statement of the Problem The main problem of the study is focused on the effectiveness of chicken eggshell as a substitute for chalk. We will write a custom essay sample on Making Chalk using Eggshells or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The study aims to answer the following questions: 1) Will the eggshell be an effective substitute for chalk? 2) Are there any similarities between the composition of an eggshell and a chalk? 3) Does the flour and starch affect the effectiveness of eggshell as a substitute for chalk? C. Statement of the Hypotheses: 1) There is a significant difference between the eggshell chalk and the commercial chalk. 2) There is no significant difference between the eggshell chalk and the commercial chalk. 2 D. Significance of the Study The importance of this study is, it can give benefits, especially to the poor ones or those who can’t afford to manufacture chalk. The poor ones could also have their own business by simply following the instructions in making â€Å"eggshell chalk† and to save money. The purpose of this study is to try and discover other methods on how to make and provide cheaper chalk for the needs of people especially the teachers, who highly use commercial chalks to write on the boards for their lectures in school. It is also beneficial for the indigent, mountain people, public schools, and ordinary people because when they run out of chalk, they can apply their knowledge in making chalk by using the easy-to-find, cheap, and recyclable materials. 3 E. Scope and Limitations The Study is only limited and focused on the investigation of Chicken Eggshells (Gallus Domesticus) used as an alternative source for chalk production. We chose this study for further investigation if eggshells can be an effective source for chalk production. The Study will only observe the product’s effectiveness in terms of its durability, texture, whiteness and writing capabilities. The product is only focused on one function which is for use in writing in a chalkboard. 4 F. Definition of Terms: 1) Chalk- a soft, white, or gray fine-grained sedimentary rock originally formed under the sea. 2) Eggshell- the brittle protective covering of the egg of a bird, or other similar tough covering of the eggs of animals such as crocodiles and turtles. 3) Flour- a powder made by grinding the edible parts of cereal grains. 4) Calcium Carbonate- a white crystalline solid that is one of the most common natural substances found in chalk, limestones, marble, eggshells, and bones. 5) Pulverize- to crush or grind something into powder or dust. 6) Starch- a natural substance composed of chains of glucose units, made by plants and providing a major energy source for animals. The two main components of starch are amylase and amylopectin. 7) Effectiveness- the ability to do something well or achieve a desired result without wasted energy or effort. 5 8) Eggshell Chalk- a chalk made up of powdered eggshell mixed with either flour or starch. 9) Dissolve- to become absorbed in a liquid solution. 10) Indigent- extremely poor, lacking the necessities of life. 6 Chapter II- Review of Related Literature According to Ancient Egyptians, artificially incubated chicken eggs to propagate their food supply. (Ancient Egyptians, 1400 BCE) According to Aristotle, when he opened chicken eggs at various time points of incubation, he noted how the organism changed over time. Through his writing of Historia Animalium, he introduced some of the earliest studies of embryology based on his observations of the chicken in the egg. (Aristotle, 350 BCE) They used the chick to demonstrate tissue differentiation, disproving the widely held belief of the time that organisms are â€Å"preformed† in their adult version and only grow larger during development. (Ulisse Aldovandi, Volcher Cotier and William Harvey, 16th century) d) He found that rat tissues that could not grow in adult chickens survived in the developing chick. In an immunocompetent animal, like themature chicken, the host immune cells attack the foreign tissue. e) They developed a new technique that used chicken eggs to propogate a pox virus. The chick was used to isolate the mumps virus for vaccine development and it is still used to culture some viruses and parasites. (Ernest Goodpasture and Alice Woodruff, 1931)